NOTES OF METAL AND NON METAL
Metals and Non-Metals
Metals and non-metals are fundamental elements that exist in nature. They are classified based on their physical and chemical properties. Metals are generally malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, whereas non-metals are brittle, non-conductive, and lack metallic luster.
Metals
Definition:
Metals are elements that readily lose electrons to form positive ions (cations) and have a shiny appearance. They are generally good conductors of heat and electricity. Most metals are solid at room temperature, except for mercury (Hg), which is a liquid.
Physical Properties of Metals:
- Luster – Metals have a shiny surface when freshly cut or polished.
- Malleability – Metals can be hammered into thin sheets without breaking. Gold and silver are the most malleable metals.
- Ductility – Metals can be drawn into thin wires. Copper and aluminum are highly ductile.
- Conductivity – Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity due to the presence of free-moving electrons. Silver and copper are the best conductors.
- Density – Metals generally have high density.
- Hardness – Most metals are hard, except for sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be cut with a knife.
- Melting and Boiling Points – Metals usually have high melting and boiling points. However, exceptions like mercury have low melting points.
- Sonorous Nature – Metals produce a ringing sound when struck, making them sonorous.
Chemical Properties of Metals:
- Reaction with Oxygen – Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides. These oxides are usually basic in nature.
- Example:
4Na + O_2 \rightarrow 2Na_2O
2Mg + O_2 \rightarrow 2MgO
] 2. Reaction with Water – Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and release hydrogen gas. Some metals like sodium and potassium react vigorously with water.
- Example:
2Na + 2H_2O \rightarrow 2NaOH + H_2
- Example:
Zn + 2HCl \rightarrow ZnCl_2 + H_2
- Example:
Al + NaOH + H_2O \rightarrow NaAlO_2 + H_2
- Example:
CuSO_4 + Zn \rightarrow ZnSO_4 + Cu
Uses of Metals:
- Construction – Iron and steel are used in building bridges, buildings, and vehicles.
- Electrical Applications – Copper and aluminum are used in electrical wiring.
- Jewelry Making – Gold, silver, and platinum are used to make jewelry.
- Automobiles and Machinery – Metals like iron, aluminum, and titanium are used in making machinery and vehicles.
- Medical Applications – Metals like titanium are used for implants and prosthetics.
Non-Metals
Definition:
Non-metals are elements that gain or share electrons during chemical reactions. They lack metallic properties and are usually brittle, non-lustrous, and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except for graphite).
Physical Properties of Non-Metals:
- No Luster – Non-metals do not have a shiny appearance (except iodine).
- Brittleness – Non-metals are brittle and break when subjected to force.
- Poor Conductors – Most non-metals do not conduct heat and electricity, except for graphite, which is a good conductor.
- Low Density – Non-metals generally have lower densities compared to metals.
- Low Melting and Boiling Points – Most non-metals have low melting and boiling points (except carbon in the form of diamond).
- Non-Sonorous – Non-metals do not produce a ringing sound when struck.
Chemical Properties of Non-Metals:
- Reaction with Oxygen – Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic or neutral oxides.
- Example:
C + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2
S + O_2 \rightarrow SO_2
]
2. Reaction with Water – Non-metals generally do not react with water.
3. Reaction with Acids and Bases – Non-metals do not react with acids but can react with bases to form salts.
4. Displacement Reactions – A more reactive non-metal can displace a less reactive non-metal from its compound.
Uses of Non-Metals:
- Breathing – Oxygen is essential for respiration.
- Fertilizers – Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are used in fertilizers.
- Fuel – Carbon-based compounds like coal and natural gas are used as fuel.
- Water Purification – Chlorine is used for disinfecting water.
- Medicine – Non-metals like iodine and sulfur are used in medicines.
Differences Between Metals and Non-Metals
Metalloids
Definition:
Metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and non-metals. They are semiconductors and are used in electronic devices. Examples include silicon (Si), boron (B), and arsenic (As).
Properties of Metalloids:
- Semi-Conductors – Metalloids like silicon and germanium conduct electricity but not as efficiently as metals.
- Brittle – Metalloids are not as malleable as metals but are not as brittle as non-metals.
- Variable Reactivity – They can react with both acids and bases depending on conditions.
- Luster – Some metalloids have a metallic appearance.
Uses of Metalloids:
- Electronics – Silicon is used in semiconductors and computer chips.
- Glass Industry – Boron is used in making heat-resistant glass.
- Alloys – Metalloids are used in special alloys for strength and durability.
Conclusion
Metals, non-metals, and metalloids play an essential role in our daily lives. Metals are used in construction, transportation, and electrical applications due to their strength and conductivity. Non-metals are vital for biological processes, medicine, and industrial applications. Metalloids bridge the gap between metals and non-metals, making them valuable in modern technology. Understanding their properties helps us utilize them effectively in various industries.
METAL VS NON-METAL
Metal vs. Non-Metal (Quick Comparison)
Metal: Hey Non-Metal, I’m strong, shiny, and a great conductor of electricity! What about you?
Non-Metal: Well, I may not be shiny or conductive, but I’m essential for life! You can’t breathe without me—oxygen!
Metal: True! But I can be molded into wires and sheets. Ever seen a non-metal do that?
Non-Metal: Nope, I’m brittle and break easily. But hey, I make up water, plants, and even medicines!
Metal: That’s cool! I guess we both have our strengths. I build structures, you keep life going!
Non-Metal: Exactly! We may be different, but the world needs
both of us!
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